verpa e-u af sér

* * *

(verp; varp, urpum; orpinn), v.

1) to throw, with dat. (hann varp af sér skildinum);

hestrinn féll ok varp honum af baki, threw him off;

hann verpr sér í söðulinn, he throws himself into the saddle;

verpa af sér klæðum, to throw off the clothes;

verpa mœðiliga öndinni, to draw a deep sigh;

verpa orðum (or orði) á e-n, to address (þessi varp orðum á konung ok spurði);

væntir mik þess, at margir verpi þar góðum orðum á mik, that many men will have good words to say of me;

verpa e-n inni, to shut one in;

impers. to be thrown;

þar varp út údaun miklum, a great stench came out;

2) verpa á, to guess at, calculate (verpa menn svá á, at latizt hafi níu menn);

3) to lay eggs (= verpa eggjum);

4) to cast up (verpa haug eptir fornum sið);

þeir urpu haug eptir Gunnar, they raised a mound over G.;

verpa aptr hauginn, to shut the cairn;

verpa vef, to warp a web (sá er orpinn vefr ýta þörmum);

5) pp., orpinn;

sandi orpinn, covered with sand;

aldri orpinn, bent with age;

uppi orpinn fyrir e-m, quite overwhelmed, at one’s mercy;

6) refl., urpust flestir vel við orðsending Danakonungs, they turned a favourable ear to, responded to the call.

* * *

pres. verp; pret. varp, pl. urpu; subj. yrpi; part. orpinn; vurpu, vyrpi, vorpinn: a medial form verpumk, Vþm. 7: [Ulf. wairpan = βάλλειν; A. S. weorpan; Engl. warp; O. H. G. werfan; Germ. werfen]:—to throw, with dat.; hvígi er hann skýtr eða verpr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 144; varp af sér klæðum, Fms. vi. 226, vii. 167; hann varp af sér skildinum, Nj. 95; hann verpr sér í söðulinn, 83; hestrinn féll ok varp honum af baki, threw him off, Fms. x. 408; þeir urpu sér jafnan meðal viðanna, Nj. 126; Gísli varp honum á lopt annarri hendi, Fms. vii. 32; mun þér orpit í þann eldinn, 37: absol., ef maðr höggr til manns eða verpr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 144: verpa mæðiliga öndinni (and-varp), to draw a deep sigh, Nj. 272; verpa braut, to throw away, Rb. 126, Mar., Th. 78; verpa til, to add to, Rb. 124; verpa e-u af sér, to throw off, 623. 36.

2. impers. to be thrown; nú verpr tré eða hval á gras upp, Grág. ii. 354; þar varp út údaun miklum, a great stench oozed out, Ísl. ii. 46.

3. phrases; verpa orðum á e-n, to address, Fas. ii. 514; þessi varp orðum á konung, Fms. x. 35; at margir verpi þar góðum orðum á mik, Nj. 179: verpa á e-t, to guess at, calculate (á-varp); var vorpit á þat, at lið Þórðar mundi vera á áttunda hundraði, Sturl. iii. 41, 42, 211; verpa menn svá á, at látizk hafi níu menn, Bs. i; þeir urpu á tvær merkr, Sturl. i. 26, iii. 203.

4. to lay eggs; verpa eggjum, Stj. 77; foglinn varp nær eingi, Bs. i. 350; vali alla þá er í bergum verpa, Gþl. 429; freq. in mod. usage of all kinds of birds.

II. to fence, guard; hinn skal verpa um garði, Gþl. 453; ok urpu Danir Norðmenn inni, shut them in, Fb. iii. 359: to cast up a cairn or the like, verpa haug eptir fornum sið, Gísl. 31; þeir urpu haug eptir Gunnar, Nj. 118; ok vurpu yfir harla mikinn haug af grjóti, Stj. 366; ok var haugr orpinn eptir hann, Fms. xi. 17; síðan lét hann verpa aptr ( shut) hauginn, x. 186: verpa vef, to warp a weft; sá er orpinn vefr ýta þörmum, Darr. 2: cp. also hlaðvarpi = the fence round a house: sandi orpinn, wrapped in sand, Sól. 49; allt var sandi vorpit, Bs. i. 308; tré í flæðar-máli sandi orpin, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 124.

2. bent, [cp. Engl. warped, of wood-work]; aldri orpinn, ‘warped with eld,’ i. e. bent with age, Fas. i. 143, Fms. xi. 21, Stj. 374: vera e-m undir orpinn, subject, prop. = Lat. obrutus, Sks. 547 B, Stj. 376: vera eigi upp orpinn fyrir e-m, quite overwhelmed, Fas. iii. 226, Eg. 578, Ld. 144.

III. reflex., urpusk flestir vel við orðsending Dana-konungs, to turn a favourable ear to, yield to the call, Fms. vii. 309; cp. bak-verpask við e-n.

2. middle voice; hvat er þat manna er verpumk orði á, who is it that casts words on me? i. e. speaks to me, Vm. 7.

[vεr̥pa]

I. vt verp, varp, urpum, orpið

1) (D) бросать, кидать

2) тж. по слаб. спр. verpti [vεr̥tɪ] (D):

3) (A) набрасывать, накидывать; возводить

II. vt verpti

* * *

(verp; varp, urpum; orpinn), v.

1) to throw, with dat. (hann varp af sér skildinum);

hestrinn féll ok varp honum af baki, threw him off;

hann verpr sér í söðulinn, he throws himself into the saddle;

verpa af sér klæðum, to throw off the clothes;

verpa mœðiliga öndinni, to draw a deep sigh;

verpa orðum (or orði) á e-n, to address (þessi varp orðum á konung ok spurði);

væntir mik þess, at margir verpi þar góðum orðum á mik, that many men will have good words to say of me;

verpa e-n inni, to shut one in;

impers. to be thrown;

þar varp út údaun miklum, a great stench came out;

2) verpa á, to guess at, calculate (verpa menn svá á, at latizt hafi níu menn);

3) to lay eggs (= verpa eggjum);

4) to cast up (verpa haug eptir fornum sið);

þeir urpu haug eptir Gunnar, they raised a mound over G.;

verpa aptr hauginn, to shut the cairn;

verpa vef, to warp a web (sá er orpinn vefr ýta þörmum);

5) pp., orpinn;

sandi orpinn, covered with sand;

aldri orpinn, bent with age;

uppi orpinn fyrir e-m, quite overwhelmed, at one’s mercy;

6) refl., urpust flestir vel við orðsending Danakonungs, they turned a favourable ear to, responded to the call.

* * *

t, to edge; verpa skó, to edge or border a shoe (skó-varp).

2. reflex. to warp, shrink, from heat; þilið verpist af hita, and the like.

v. сильн. III; praes. verp; praet. varp, pl. urpum; conj. yrpa; pp. orpinn

1) (dat.) бросать, кидать

3) нестись, класть яйца (= verpa eggjum)

4) (acc.) набрасывать, накидывать, возводить (курган и т. п.)

* * *

гл. сильн. III бросать

* * *

a negative suffix to verbs, not;

era útmakligt, at it is not unmeet that.

* * *

á, prep., often used elliptically, or even adverbially, [Goth. ana; Engl. on; Germ. an. In the Scandinavian idioms the liquid n is absorbed. In English the same has been supposed to happen in adverbial phrases, e. g. ‘along, away, abroad, afoot, again, agate, ahead, aloft, alone, askew, aside, astray, awry,’ etc. It is indeed true that the Ormulum in its northern dialect freq. uses o, even in common phrases, such as ‘o boke, o land, o life, o slæpe, o strande, o write, o naht, o loft,’ etc., v. the glossary; and we may compare on foot and afoot, on sleep (Engl. Vers. of Bible) and asleep; A. S. a-butan and on-butan (about); agen and ongean (again, against); on bæc, aback; on life, alive; on middan, amid. But it is more than likely that in the expressions quoted above, as well as in numberless others, as well in old as in modern English, the English a- as well as the o- of the Ormulum and the modern Scottish and north of England o- are in reality remains of this very á pronounced au or ow, which was brought by the Scandinavian settlers into the north of England. In the struggle for supremacy between the English dialects after the Conquest, the Scandinavian form á or a won the day in many cases to the exclusion of the Anglo-Saxon on. Some of these adverbs have representatives only in the Scandinavian tongues, not in Anglo-Saxon; see below, with dat. B. II, C. VII; with acc. C. I. and VI. The prep. á denotes the surface or outside; í and ór the inside; at, til, and frá, nearness measured to or from an object: á thus answers to the Gr. επί; the Lat. in includes á and i together.]

With dat. and acc.: in the first case with the notion of remaining on a place, answering to Lat. in with abl.; in the last with the notion of motion to the place, = Lat. in with acc.

WITH DAT.

A. Loc.

I. generally on, upon; á gólfi, on the floor, Nj. 2; á hendi, on the hand (of a ring), 48, 225; á palli, 50; á steini, 108; á vegg, 115; á sjá ok á landi, on sea and land. In some instances the distinction between d and i is loose and wavering, but in most cases common sense and usage decide; thus ‘á bók’ merely denotes the letters, the penmanship, ‘í’ the contents of a book; mod. usage, however, prefers ‘í,’ lesa í bók, but stafr á bók. Old writers on the other hand; á bókum Enskum, in English books, Landn. 24, but í Aldafars bók, 23 (in the book De Mensurâ Temporum, by Bede), cp. Grág. i. 76, where á is a false reading instead of at; á bréfi, the contents of a letter: of clothing or arms, mítr á höfði, sverð á hlið, mitre on head, sword on side, Fms. i. 266, viii. 404; hafa lykil á sér, on one’s person, 655 xxvii. 22; möttull á tyglum, a mantle hanging on (i. e. fastened by) laces, Fms. vii. 201: á þingi means to be present at a meeting; í þingi, to abide within a jurisdiction; á himni, á jörðu, on (Engl. in) heaven and earth, e. g. in the Lord’s Prayer, but í helviti, in hell; á Gimli, Edda (of a heavenly abode); á báti, á skipi denote crew and cargo, ‘í’ the timber or materials of which a ship is built, Eg. 385; vera í stafni á skipi, 177: á skógi, to be abroad in a wood (of a hunter, robber, deer); but to be situated (a house), at work (to fell timber), í skógi, 573, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 31, xi. 1, Glúm. 330, Landn. 173; á mörkinni, Fms. i. 8, but í mörk, of a farm; á firðinum means lying in a firth, of ships or islands (on the surface of the water), þær eyjar liggja á Breiðafirði, Ld. 36; but í firði, living in a district named Firth; á landi, Nj. 98, Fms. xi. 386.

II. á is commonly used in connection with the pr. names or countries terminating in ‘land,’ Engl. in, á Englandi, Írlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Saxlandi, Vindlandi, Vínlandi, Grænalandi, Íslandi, Hálogalandi, Rogalandi, Jótlandi, Frakklandi, Hjaltlandi, Jamtalandi, Hvítramannalandi, Norðrlöndum, etc., vide Landn. and the index to Fms. xii. In old writers í is here very rare, in modern authors more frequent; taste and the context in many instances decide. An Icelander would now say, speaking of the queen or king, ‘á Englandi,’ ruling over, but to live ‘í Englandi,’ or ‘á Englandi;’ the rule in the last case not being quite fixed.

2. in connection with other names of countries: á Mæri, Vörs, Ögðum, Fjölum, all districts of Norway, v. Landn.; á Mýrum (in Icel.), á Finnmörk, Landn., á Fjóni (a Danish island); but í Danmörk, Svíþjóð (á Svíþjóðu is poët., Gs. 13).

3. before Icel. farms denoting open and elevated slopes and spaces (not too high, because then ‘at’ must be used), such as ‘staðr, völlr, ból, hjalli, bakki, heimr, eyri,’ etc.; á Veggjum, Landn. 69; á Hólmlátri, id.: those ending in ‘-staðr,’ á Geirmundarstöðum, Þórisstöðum, Jarðlangsstöðum…, Landn.: ‘-völlr,’ á Möðruvöllum: á Fitjum (the farm) í Storð (the island), í Fenhring (the island) á Aski (the farm), Landn., Eg.: ‘-nes’ sometimes takes á, sometimes í (in mod. usage always ‘í’), á Nesi, Eb. 14, or í Krossnesi, 30; in the last case the notion of island, νησος, prevails: so also, ‘fjörðr,’ as, þeir börðust á Vigrafirði (of a fight o n the ice), Landn. 101, but orusta í Hafrsfirði, 122: with ‘-bær,’ á is used in the sense of a farm or estate, hón sa á e-m bæ mikit hús ok fagrt, Edda 22; ‘í bæ’ means within doors, of the buildings: with ‘Bær’ as pr. name Landn. uses ‘í,’ 71, 160, 257, 309, 332.

4. denoting on or just above; of the sun, when the time is fixed by regarding the sun in connection with points in the horizon, a standing phrase in Icel.; sól á gjáhamri, when the sun is on the crag of the Rift, Grág. i. 26, cp. Glúm. 387; so, brú á á, a bridge on a river, Fms. viii. 179, Hrafn. 20; taka hús á e-m, to surprise one, to take the house over his head, Fms. i. 11.

III. á is sometimes used in old writers where we should now expect an acc., esp. in the phrase, leggja sverði (or the like) á e-m, or á e-m miðjum, to stab, Eg. 216, Gísl. 106, Band. 14; þá stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi, then Starkad stabbed the king with the wand, Fas. iii. 34; bíta á kampi (vör), to bite the lips, as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 209, 68; taka á e-u, to touch a thing, lay hold of it, v. taka; fá á e-u, id. (poët.); leggja hendr á (better at) síðum, in wrestling, Fms. x. 331; koma á úvart á e-m, to come on one unawares, ix. 407 (rare).

B. TEMP. of a particular point or period of time, at, on, in:

I. gener. denoting during, in the course of; á nótt, degi, nætrþeli …, Bs. i. 139; or spec. adding a pron. or an adject., á næsta sumri, the next summer; á því ári, þingi, misseri, hausti, vári, sumri …, during, in that year …, Bs. i. 679, etc.; á þrem sumrum, in the course of three summers, Grág. i. 218; á þrem várum, Fms. ii. 114; á hálfs mánaðar fresti, within half a month’s delay, Nj. 99; á tvítugs, sextugs … aldri, á barns, gamals aldri, etc., at the age of …, v. aldr: á dögum e-s, in the days of, in his reign or time, Landn. 24, Hrafn. 3, Fms. ix. 229.

II. used of a fixed recurrent period or season; á várum, sumrum, haustum, vetrum, á kveldum, every spring, summer …, in the evenings, Eg. 711, Fms. i. 23, 25, vi. 394, Landn. 292: with the numeral adverbs, cp. Lat. ter in anno, um sinn á mánuði, ári, once a month, once a year, where the Engl. a is not the article but the preposition, Grág. i. 89.

III. of duration; á degi, during a whole day, Fms. v. 48; á sjau nóttum, Bárð. 166; á því meli, during that time, in the meantime, Grág. i. 259.

IV. connected with the seasons (á vetri, sumri, vári, hausti), ‘á’ denotes the next preceding season, the last winter, summer, autumn, Eb. 40, 238, Ld. 206: in such instances ‘á’ denotes the past, ‘at’ the future, ‘í’ the present; thus í vetri in old writers means this winter; á vetri, last winter; at vetri, next winter, Eb. 68 (in a verse), etc.

C. In various other relations, more or less metaphorically, on, upon, in, to, with, towards, against:

I. denoting object, in respect of, against, almost periphrastically; dvelja á náðum e-s, under one’s protection, Fms. i. 74; hafa metnað á e-u, to be proud of, to take pride in a thing, 127.

2. denoting a personal relation, in; bæta e-t á e-m, to make amends, i. e. to one personally; misgöra e-t á e-m, to inflict wrong on one; hafa elsku (hatr) á e-m, to bear love ( hatred) to one, Fms. ix. 242; hefna sín á e-m, to take revenge on one’s person, on anyone; rjúfa sætt á e-m, to break truce on the person of any one, to offend against his person, Nj. 103; hafa sár á sér, 101; sjá á e-m, to read on or in one’s face; sér hann á hverjum manni hvárt til þín er vel eðr illa, 106; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum, at …, it could soon be seen in all her doings, that …, Ld. 22.

3. also generally to shew signs of a thing; sýna fáleika á sér, to shew marks of displeasure, Nj. 14, Fs. 14; taka vel, illa, lítt, á e-u, to take a thing well, ill, or indifferently, id.; finna á sér, to feel in oneself; fann lítt á honum, hvárt …, it could hardly be seen in his face, whether …, Eb. 42; líkindi eru á, it is likely, Ld. 172; göra kost á e-u, to give a choice, chance of it, 178; eiga vald á e-u, to have power over …, Nj. 10.

II. denoting encumbrance, duty, liability; er fimtardómsmál á þeim, to be subject to …, Nj. 231; the phrase, hafa e-t á hendi, or vera á hendi e-m, on one’s hands, of work or duty to be done; eindagi á fé, term, pay day, Grág. i. 140; ómagi (skylda, afvinna) á fé, of a burden or encumbrance, D. I. and Grág. in several passages.

III. with a personal pronoun, sér, mér, honum …, denoting personal appearance, temper, character, look, or the like; vera þungr, léttr … á sér, to be heavy or light, either bodily or mentally; þungr á sér, corpulent, Sturl. i. 112; kátr ok léttr á sér, of a gay and light temper, Fms. x. 152; þat bragð hafði hann á sér, he looked as if, … the expression of his face was as though …, Ld., cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á sér svip, bragð, æði, sið, of one’s manner or personal appearance, to bear oneself as, or the like; skjótr (seinn) á fæti, speedy ( slow) of foot, Nj. 258.

IV. as a periphrasis of the possessive pronoun connected with the limbs or parts of the body. In common Icel. such phrases as my hands, eyes, head … are hardly ever used, but höfuð, eyru, hár, nef, munnr, hendr, fætr … á mér; so ‘í’ is used of the internal parts, e. g. hjarta, bein … í mér; the eyes are regarded as inside the body, augun í honum: also without the possessive pronoun, or as a periphrasis for a genitive, brjóstið á e-m, one’s breast, Nj. 95, Edda 15; súrnar í augum, it smarts in my eyes, my eyes smart, Nj. 202; kviðinn á sér, its belly, 655 xxx. 5, Fms. vi. 350; hendr á henni, her hands, Gísl. (in a verse); í vörunum á honum, on his lips, Band. 14; ristin á honum, his step, Fms. viii. 141; harðr í tungu, sharp of tongue, Hallfred (Fs. 114); kalt (heitt) á fingrum, höndum, fótum …, cold ( warm) in the fingers, hands, feet …, i. e. with cold fingers, etc.; cp. also the phrase, verða vísa (orð) á munni, of extemporising verses or speeches, freq. in the Sagas; fastr á fótum, fast by the leg, of a bondsman, Nj. 27: of the whole body, díla fundu þeir á honum, 209. The pers. pron. is used only in solemn style (poetry, hymns, the Bible), and perhaps only when influenced by foreign languages, e. g. mitt hjarta hví svo hryggist þú, as a translation of ‘warumb betrübst du dich mein Herz?’ the famous hymn by Hans Sachs; instead of the popular hjartað í mér, Sl. 43, 44: hjartað mitt is only used as a term of endearment, as by a husband to his wife, parents to their child, or the like, in a metaphorical sense; the heart proper is ‘í mér,’ not ‘mitt.’

2. of other things, and as a periphrasis of a genitive, of a part belonging to the whole, e. g. dyrr á husi = húsdyrr, at the house-doors; turn á kirkju = kirkju turn; stafn, skutr, segl, árar … á skipi, the stem, stern, sail … of a ship, Fms. ix. 135; blöð á lauk, á tré …, leaves of a leek, of a tree …, Fas. i. 469; egg á sverði = sverðs egg; stafr á bók; kjölr á bók, and in endless other instances.

V. denoting instrumentality, by, on, or a-, by means of; afla fjár á hólmgöngum, to make money a-duelling, by means of duels, Eg. 498; á verkum sínum, to subsist on one’s own work, Njarð. 366: as a law term, sekjast á e-ju, to be convicted upon …, Grág. i. 123; sekst maðr þar á sínu eigini ( a man is guilty in re sua), ef hann tekr af þeim manni er heimild ( possessio) hefir til, ii. 191; falla á verkum sínum, to be killed flagranti delicto, v. above; fella e-n á bragði, by a sleight in wrestling; komast undan á flótta, to escape by flight, Eg. 11; á hlaupi, by one’s feet, by speed, Hkr. ii. 168; lifa á e-u, to feed on; bergja á e-u, to taste of a thing; svala sér á e-u, to quench the thirst on.

VI. with subst. numerals; á þriðja tigi manna, up to thirty, i. e. from about twenty to thirty, Ld. 194; á öðru hundraði skipa, from one to two hundred sail strong, Fms. x. 126; á níunda tigi, between eighty and ninety years of age, Eg. 764, v. above: used as prep., á hendi, on one’s hand, i. e. bound to do it, v. hönd.

VII. in more or less adverbial phrases it may often be translated in Engl. by a participle and a- prefixed; á lopti, aloft; á floti, afloat; á lífi, alive; á verðgangi, a-begging; á brautu, away; á baki, a-back, behind, past; á milli, a-tween; á laun, alone, secretly; á launungu, id.; á móti, against; á enda, at an end, gone; á huldu, hidden; fara á hæli, to go a-heel, i. e. backwards, Fms. vii. 70;—but in many cases these phrases are transl. by the Engl. partic. with a, which is then perh. a mere prefix, not a prep., á flugi, a-flying in the air, Nj. 79; vera á gangi, a-going; á ferli, to be about; á leiki, a-playing, Fms. i. 78; á sundi, a-swimming, ii. 27; á verði, a-watching, x. 201; á hrakningi, a-wandering; á reiki, a-wavering; á skjálfi, a-shivering; á-hleri, a-listening; á tali, a-talking, Ísl. ii. 200; á hlaupi, a-running, Hkr. ii. 268; á verki, a-working; á veiðum, a-hunting; á fiski, a-fishing; á beit, grazing: and as a law term it even means in flagranti, N. G. L. i. 348.

VIII. used absolutely without a case in reference to the air or the weather, where ‘á’ is almost redundant; þoka var á mikil, a thick fog came on, Nj. 267; niðamyrkr var á, pitch darkness came on, Eg. 210; allhvast á norðan, a very strong breeze from the north, Fms. ix. 20; þá var á norðrænt, a north wind came on, 42, Ld. 56; hvaðan sem á er, from whatever point the wind is; var á hríð veðrs, a snow storm came on, Nj. 282; görði á regn, rain came on, Fms. vi. 394, xi. 35, Ld. 156.

WITH ACC.

A. Loc.

I. denoting simple direction towards, esp. connected with verbs of motion, going, or the like; hann gékk á bergsnös, Eg. 389; á hamar, Fas. ii. 517.

2. in phrases denoting direction; liggja á útborða, lying on the outside of the ship, Eg. 354; á annat borð skipinu, Fms. vii. 260; á bæði borð, on both sides of the ship, Nj. 124, Ld. 56; á tvær hliðar, on both sides, Fms. v. 73. Ísl. ii. 159; á hlið, sidewards; út á hlið, Nj. 262, Edda 44; á aðra hönd henni, Nj. 50, Ld. 46; höggva á tvær hendr, to hew or strike right and left, Ísl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384, Fms. viii. 363, x. 383.

3. upp á, upon; hann tók augu Þjaza ok kastaði upp á himin, Edda 47: with verbs denoting to look, see, horfa, sjá, líta, etc.; hann rak skygnur á land, he cast glances towards the land, Ld. 154.

II. denoting direction with or without the idea of arriving:

1. with verbs denoting to aim at; of a blow or thrust, stefna á fótinn, Nj. 84; spjótið stefnir á hann miðjan, 205: of the wind, gékk veðrit á vestr, the wind veered to west, Fms. ix. 28; sigla á haf, to stand out to sea, Hkr. i. 146, Fms. i. 39: with ‘út’ added, Eg. 390, Fms. x. 349.

2. conveying the notion of arriving, or the intervening space being traversed; spjótið kom á miðjan skjöldinn, Eg. 379, Nj. 96, 97; langt upp á land, far up inland, Hkr. i. 146: to reach, taka ofan á belti, of the long locks of a woman, to reach down to the belt, Nj. 2; ofan á bringu, 48; á þa ofan, 91.

III. without reference to the space traversed, connected with verbs denoting to go, turn, come, ride, sail, throw, or the like, motion of every kind; hann kastar honum á völlinn, he flings him down, Nj. 91; hlaupa á skip sitt, to leap on board his ship, 43; á hest, to mount quickly, Edda 75; á lend hestinum, Nj. 91; hann gengr á sáðland sitt, he walks on to his fields, 82: on, upon, komast á fætr, to get upon one’s legs, 92; ganga á land, to go a-shore, Fms. i. 40; ganga á þing, vii. 242, Grág. (often); á skóg, á merkr ok skóga, into a wood, Fb. i. 134, 257, Fms. xi. 118, Eg. 577, Nj. 130; fara á Finnmörk, to go travelling in Finmark, Fms. i. 8; koma, fara á bæ, to arrive at the farm-house; koma á veginn, Eg. 578; stíga á bát, skip, to go on board, 158; hann gékk upp á borg, he went up to the burg (castle), 717; en er þeir komu á loptriðið, 236; hrinda skipum á vatn, to float the ships down into the water, Fms. i. 58; reka austr á haf, to drift eastwards on the sea, x. 145; ríða ofan á, to ride down or over, Nj. 82.

IV. in some cases the acc. is used where the dat. would be used, esp. with verbs denoting to see or hear, in such phrases as, þeir sá boða mikinn inn á fjörðinn, they saw great breakers away up in the bight of the firth, the acc. being due perhaps to a motion or direction of the eye or ear towards the object, Nj. 124; sá þeir fólkit á land, they saw the people in the direction of land, Fas. ii. 517: in phrases denoting to be placed, to sit, to be seated, the seat or bench is freq. in the acc. where the dat. would now be used; konungr var þar á land upp, the king was then up the country, the spectator or narrator is conceived as looking from the shore or sea-side, Nj. 46; sitja á miðjan bekk, to be seated on the middle bench, 50; skyldi konungs sæti vera á þann bekk … annat öndvegi var á hinn úæðra pall; hann setti konungs hásæti á miðjan þverpall, Fms. vi. 439, 440, cp. Fagrsk. l. c., Sturl. iii. 182; eru víða fjallbygðir upp á mörkina, in the mark or forest, Eg. 58; var þar mörk mikil á land upp, 229; mannsafnaðr er á land upp (viewed from the sea), Ld. 76; stóll var settr á mótið, Fas. i. 58; beiða fars á skip, to beg a passage, Grág. i. 90.

V. denoting parts of the body; bíta e-n á barka, to bite one in the throat, Ísl. ii. 447; skera á háls, to cut the throat of any one, Nj. 156; brjóta e-n á háls, to break any one’s neck; brjóta e-n á bak, to break any one’s back, Fms. vii. 119; kalinn á kné, frozen to the knees with cold, Hm. 3.

VI. denoting round; láta reipi á háls hesti, round his horse’s neck, 623. 33; leggja söðul á hest, Nj. 83; and ellipt., leggja á, to saddle; breiða feld á hofuð sér, to wrap a cloak over his head, 164; reyta á sik mosa, to gather moss to cover oneself with, 267; spenna hring á hönd, á fingr, Eg. 300.

VII. denoting a burden; stela mat á tvá hesta, hey á fimtán hesta, i. e. a two, a fifteen horse load, Nj. 74: metaph., kjósa feigð á menn, to choose death upon them, i. e. doom them to death, Edda 22.

B. TEMP.

I. of a period of time, at, to; á morgun, to-morrow (í morgun now means the past morning, the morning of to-day), Ísl. ii. 333.

II. if connected with the word day, ‘á’ is now used before a fixed or marked day, a day of the week, a feast day, or the like; á Laugardag, á Sunnudag …, on Saturday, Sunday, the Old Engl. a-Sunday, a-Monday, etc.; á Jóladaginn, Páskadaginn, on Yule and Easter-day; but in old writers more often used ellipt. Sunnudaginn, Jóladaginn …, by dropping the prep. ‘á,’ Fms. viii. 397, Grág. i. 18.

III. connected with ‘dagr’ with the definite article suffixed, ‘á’ denotes a fixed, recurring period or season, in; á daginn, during the day-time, every day in turn, Grett. 91 A.

IV. connected with ‘evening, morning, the seasons,’ with the article; á kveldit, every evening, Ld. 14; á sumarit, every summer, Vd. 128, where the new Ed. Fs. 51 reads sumrum; á haust, every autumn, Eg. 741 (perh. a misprint instead of á haustin or á haustum); á vetrinn, in the winter time, 710; á várit, every spring, Gþl. 347; the sing., however, is very rare in such cases, the old as well as mod. usage prefers the plur.; á nætrnar, by night, Nj. 210; á várin, Eg. 710; á sumrin, haustin, á morgnana, in the morning (á morgin, sing., means to-morrow); á kveldin, in the evening, only ‘dagr’ is used in sing., v. above (á daginn, not á dagana); but elliptically and by dropping the article, Icelanders say, kveld og morgna, nótt og dag, vetr sumar vor og haust, in the same sense as those above mentioned.

V. denoting duration, the article is dropped in the negative phrase, aldri á sinn dag, never during one’s life; aldri á mína daga, never in my life, Bjarn. 8, where a possess. pron. is put between noun and prep., but this phrase is very rare. Such phrases as, á þann dag, that day, and á þenna dag, Stj. 12, 655 xxx. 2. 20, are unclassical.

VI. á dag without article can only be used in a distributive sense, e. g. tvisvar á dag, twice a-day; this use is at present freq. in Icel., yet instances from old writers are not on record.

VII. denoting a movement onward in time, such as, liðið á nótt, dag, kveld, morgun, sumar, vetr, vár, haust (or nóttina, daginn …), jól, páska, föstu, or the like, far on in the night, day …, Edda 33; er á leið vetrinn, when the winter was well on, as the winter wore on, Nj. 126; cp. áliðinn: also in the phrase, hniginn á inn efra aldr, well stricken in years, Ld. 68.

C. Metaph. and in various relations:

I. somewhat metaphorically, denoting an act only (not the place); fara á fund, á vit e-s, to call for one, Eg. 140; koma á ræðu við e-n, to come to a parley with, to speak, 173; ganga á tal, Nj. 103; skora á hólm, to challenge to a duel on an island; koma á grið, to enter into a service, to be domiciled, Grág. i. 151; fara á veiðar, to go a-hunting, Fms. i. 8.

β. generally denoting on, upon, in, to; bjóða vöxtu á féit, to offer interest on the money, Grág. i. 198; ganga á berhögg, to come to blows, v. berhögg; fá á e-n, to make an impression upon one, Nj. 79; ganga á vápn e-s, to throw oneself on an enemy’s weapon, meet him face to face, Rd. 310; ganga á lagið, to press on up the spear-shaft after it has passed through one so as to get near one’s foe, i. e. to avail oneself of the last chance; bera fé á e-n, to bribe, Nj. 62; bera öl á e-n, to make drunk, Fas. i. 13; snúinn á e-t, inclined to, Fms. x. 142; sammælast á e-t, to agree upon, Nj. 86; sættast, verða sáttr á e-t, in the same sense, to come to an agreement, settlement, or atonement, 78, Edda 15, Eb. 288, Ld. 50, Fms. i. 279; ganga á mála, to serve for pay as a soldier, Nj. 121; ganga á vald e-s, to put oneself in his power, 267; ganga á sætt, to break an agreement; vega á veittar trygðir, to break truce, Grág. ii. 169.

II. denoting in regard to, in respect to:

1. of colour, complexion, the hue of the hair, or the like; hvítr, jarpr, dökkr … á hár, having white, brown, or dark … hair, Ísl. ii. 190, Nj. 39; svartr á brún ok brá, dark of brow and eyebrow; dökkr á hörund, id., etc.

2. denoting skill, dexterity; hagr á tré, a good carpenter; hagr á járn, málm, smíðar …, an expert worker in iron, metals …, Eg. 4; fimr á boga, good at the bow: also used of mastership in science or arts, meistari á hörpuslátt, a master in striking the harp, Fas. iii. 220; fræðimaðr á kvæði, knowing many poems by heart, Fms. vi. 391; fræðimaðr á landnámssögur ok forna fræði, a learned scholar in histories and antiquities (of Are Frode), Ísl. ii. 189; mikill á íþrótt, skilful in an art, Edda (pref.) 148; but dat. in the phrase, kunna (vel) á skíðum, to be a cunning skater, Fms. i. 9, vii. 120.

3. denoting dimensions; á hæð, lengd, breidd, dýpt …, in the heighth, length, breadth, depth …, Eg. 277; á hvern veg, on each side, Edda 41 (square miles); á annan veg, on the one side, Grág. i. 89.

β. the phrase, á sik, in regard to oneself, vel (illa) á sik kominn, of a fine ( ugly) appearance, Ld. 100, Fas. iii. 74.

III. denoting instrumentality; bjargast á sínar hendr, to live on the work of one’s own hands, (á sínar spýtur is a mod. phrase in the same sense); (vega) á skálir, pundara, to weigh in scales, Grág. ii. 370; at hann hefði tvá pundara, ok hefði á hinn meira keypt en á hinn minna selt, of a man using two scales, a big one for buying and a little one for selling, Sturl. i. 91; á sinn kostnað, at one’s own expense; nefna e-n á nafn, by name, Grág. i. 17, etc. The Icel. also say, spinna á rokk, snældu, to spin on or with a rock or distaff; mala á kvern, to grind in a ‘querne,’ where Edda 73 uses dat.; esp. of musical instruments, syngja, leika á hljóðfæri, hörpu, gígju …; in the old usage, leika hörpu …, Stj. 458.

IV. denoting the manner or way of doing:

1. á þessa lund, in this wise, Grág. ii. 22; á marga vega, á alla, ymsa vega, in many, all, respects, Fms. i. 114; á sitt hóf, in its turn, respectively, Ld. 136, where the context shews that the expression answers to the Lat. mutatis mutandis; á Þýðersku, after German fashion, Sks. 288.

2. esp. of language; mæla, rita á e-a tungu, to speak, write in a tongue; á Írsku, in Irish, Ld. 76; Norrænu, in Norse, Eb. 330, Vm. 35; a Danska tungu, in Danish, i. e. Scandinavian, Norse, or Icelandic, Grág. i. 18; á Vára tungu, i. e. in Icelandic, 181; rita á Norræna tungu, to write in Norse, Hkr. (pref.), Bs. i. 59:—at present, dat. is sometimes used.

3. in some phrases the acc. is used instead of the dat.; hann sýndi á sik mikit gaman, Fms. x. 329; hann lét ekki á sik finna, he shewed no sign of motion, Nj. 111; skaltú önga fáleika á þik gera (Cod. Kalf.), 14.

V. used in a distributive sense; skal mörk kaupa gæzlu á kú, eðr oxa fim vetra gamlan, a mark for every cow, Grág. i. 147; alin á hvert hross, 442; á mann, per man (now freq.): cp. also á dag above, lit. B.

VI. connected with nouns,

1. prepositional; á hendr (with dat.), against; á hæla, at heel, close behind; á bak, at back, i. e. past, after; á vit (with gen.), towards.

2. adverbially; á braut, away, abroad; á víxl, in turns; á mis, amiss; á víð ok dreif, a-wide and a-drift, i. e. dispersedly.

3. used almost redundantly before the following prep.; á eptir, after, behind; á undan, in front of; á meðal, á milli, among; á mót, against; á við, about, alike; á frá (cp. Swed. ifrån), from (rare); á fyrir = fyrir, Haustl. 1; á hjá, beside (rare); á fram, a-head, forwards; á samt, together; ávalt = of allt, always: following a prep., upp á, upon; niðr á, down upon; ofan á, eptir á, post eventum, (temp.) á eptir is loc., id., etc.

VII. connected with many transitive verbs, answering to the Lat. ad- or in-, in composition, in many cases periphrastically for an objective case. The prep. generally follows after the verb, instead of being prefixed to it as in Lat., and answers to the Engl. on, to; heita kalla, hrópa á, to call on; heyra, hlusta, hlyða á, to hearken to, listen to; hyggja, hugsa á, to think on; minna á, to remind; sjá, líta, horfa, stara, mæna, glápa, koma auga … á, to look on; girnast á, to wish for; trúa á, to believe on; skora á, to call on any one to come out, challenge; kæra á, to accuse; heilsa á, to greet; herja, ganga, ríða, hlaupa, ráða … á, to fall on, attack, cp. ágangr, áreið, áhlaup; ljúga á, to tell lies of, to slander; telja á, to carp at; ausa, tala, hella, kasta, verpa … á, to pour, throw on; ríða, bera, dreifa á, to sprinkle on; vanta, skorta á, to fall short of; ala á, to plead, beg; leggja á, to throw a spell on, lay a saddle on; hætta á, to venture on; gizka á, to guess at; kveða á, to fix on, etc.: in a reciprocal sense, haldast á, of mutual strife; sendast á, to exchange presents; skrifast á, to correspond (mod.); kallast á, to shout mutually; standast á, to coincide, so as to be just opposite one another, etc.

f. [Lat. aqua; Goth. ahva; Hel. aha; A. S. eâ; O. H. G. aha, owa; cp. Germ. ach and aue; Fr. eau, eaux; Engl. Ax-, Ex-, etc., in names of places; Swed.-Dan. å; the Scandinavians absorb the hu, so that only a single vowel or diphthong remains of the whole word]:—a river. The old form in nom. dat. acc. sing. is , v. the introduction to A, page 1, Bs. i. 333 sq., where ́n, ́ (acc.), and ́na; so also Greg. 677; the old fragm. of Grág. ii. 222, 223, new Ed. In the Kb. of the Edda the old form occurs twice, viz. page 75, ́na (acc.), (but two lines below, ána), í ́nni (dat.) The old form also repeatedly occurs in the Kb. and Sb. of the Grág., e. g. ii. 266, 267: gen. sing. ár; nom. pl. ár, gen. á contracted, dat. ám, obsolete form ́m; Edda 43, Eg. 80, 99, 133, 185: proverbs, at ósi skal á stemma, answering to the Lat. principiis obsta, Edda 60; hér kemr á til sæfar, here the river runs into the sea, metaph. = this is the very end, seems to have been a favourite ending of old poems; it is recorded in the Húsdrápa and the Norðsetadrápa, v. Edda 96, Skálda 198; cp. the common saying, oil vötn renna til sævar, ‘all waters run into the sea.’ Rivers with glacier water are in Icel. called Hvítá, White river, or Jökulsá: Hitá, Hot river, from a hot spring, opp. to Kaldá, v. Landn.: others take a name from the fish in them, as Laxá, Lax or Salmon river (freq.); Örriða á, etc.: a tributary river is þverá, etc.: ár in the Njála often means the great rivers Ölfusá and Þjórsá in the south of Iceland. Áin helga, a river in Sweden, Hkr. ii: á is also suffixed to the names of foreign rivers, Tempsá = Thames; Dóná, Danube (Germ. Don-au), (mod.), etc. Vide Edda (Gl.) 116, 117, containing the names of over a hundred North-English and Scottish rivers.

COMPDS: áráll, árbakki, árbrot, ardjúp, árfarvegr, árfors, árgljúfr, árhlutr, ármegin, árminni, ármót, áróss, árreki, árstraumr, árströnd, árvað, árvegr, árvöxtr.

(að), v. to cast, throw, with dat. (varpa frá sér kyrtlinum);

varpa öndinni, to draw a deep breath.

f. fishing-net.

* * *

að, [Engl. warp; see verpa], to throw, cast, with dat.; varpa frá sér sverðinu, Finnb. 316, v. l.; varpaði honum til helvítis, Barl. 135; hann varpar sér undan, Nj. 91; Grettir varpaði sér um völlinn, Grett. 95 new Ed.; varpaða ek mér upp ór söðlinum, Pr. 414; varpa frá sér kyrtlinum, Fms. iii. 101; hann varpaði ( hurled off) veslinu ok mælti, vii. 20; hann varpaði nókkut svá hettinum, threw the hood aside, tossing, his head, id.; varpa öndinni, to draw a deep breath, sigh, Fb. ii. 426; ofn er ór sér varpaði óhæfiligum hita, Barl. 162; jarð-varpa, a law phrase, to throw to the earth: koll-varpa, á-varpa, qq. v.

* * *

prep. with dat. and acc.

I. with dat. over, above (hvers manns alvæpni hekk y. rúmi hans); sitja y. borðum, to sit at table; s. yfir málum manna, to sit at, attend to cases, as judge; konungr y. Englandi, king over E.; vaka y. e-m, to wake or watch over;

II. with acc.

1) over, above (Skaði tók eitr-orm, ok festi upp y. hann); hann tók y. sik skikkjuna, he put on the mantle; komast y. e-t, to come by a thing;

2) over, across, through (síðan fóru þeir y. Norðrá);

3) fig. over, beyond; hafa vöxt y. e-n, to have growth over, be taller than; fram y. aðra menn, beyond, above other men;

4) adverbial usages, sá kvittr kom y., passed over; kveld kemr y., evening draws on.

* * *

prep. with dat. and acc., also ellipt. or even as adv.; [in Goth. there are two forms, uf = Lat. sub, and ufar = Lat. super, which, as to the form, answer to Icel. ‘of’ and ‘yfir;’ but in reality ‘of’ is in the old vellums used indiscriminately, sometimes = um (q. v.), sometimes = yfir, see p. 462 and um (umb, of), p. 648 sqq.; ‘of’ as prep. is now obsolete, having been replaced, according to the sense, by um or yfir: Goth. ufar; A. S. ofer; Engl. over; O. H. G. ubar; Hel. ubar; Germ. über; Dan. over; Swed. öfver; Lat. super; Gr. υπέρ]:—over.

A. WITH DAT. over, above; hvers manns alvæpni hékk yfir rúmi hans, Eg. 88; þriðja stendr yfir Niflheimi … brenn eldr yfir Bifröst, Edda 10; yfir lokhvílu sinni, Nj. 183; spretta skörum yfir sér, Fas. ii. 187; tjalda yfir skipi sínu. Eg. 373; jörð gróin yfir viði eðr beinum, Grág. ii. 354; sitja yfir borðum, matborði, dagverði, drykkju …, to sit at table over one’s meat, drink; Nj. 6, 68, Eg. 63, 407, 577, passim; sitja yfir dómum yfir málum manna, to sit at, attend to cases, as judge, Ó. H. 86; Olafr konungr hafði jafnan með sér tólf ena spökustu menn, þeir sátu yfir dómum með honum ok réðu um vandamál, id.; sitja yfir e-m, to sit over one (a sick person), Fms. vii. 166, ix. 250; styrma yfir e-m, Ld. 40.

II. metaph. usages; görask konungr bæði yfir Mörkinni ok Hálogalandi, Eg. 71; konungr yfir Englandi, 263; biskup yfir þeim fjórðungi, Grág. i. 326; hafa vald yfir e-u, Fms. i. 227, x. 48; vera höfðingi ok herra yfir e-u, id.; Þorgils er þá var yfir Skagafirði, 61; dómandi allra mála yfir þeim ríkjum, Fas. i. 513; hann setti bróður sinn yfir Víkinni, Fms. i. 29; sektir yfir e-m, H. E. i. 420; til gæzlu yfir e-m, custody over one, Edda 21; vaka yfir e-m, to wake or watch over, Fms. i. 9, iv. 299; vöku vér hér hverja nótt á Aski yfir fé váru, Eg. 375: þú vart trúr yfir litlu, eg mun setja þig yfir mikið, Matt. xxv. 23; vil ek eigi hafa flimtan hennar né fáryrði yfir mér, Nj. 50; sitja yfir hlut e-s, 89 (see sitja I. 2); ok liggi sú íllska lengr yfir þeim, threatening them, Fms. x. 265; búa yfir brögðum, Fas. i. 290; hefi ek sét marga dýrliga hluti yfir honum, 623. 55; mér sýnisk svá mikit yfir þér, at mér byðr þat eitt í skap at þú verðir meira stýrandi, Bs. i. 468; allir þeir er nokkurr þrifnaðr var yfir, leystu sik á þrem vetrum, Fms. iii. 18; opt hafa orðit þvílíkar jarteinir yfir heiðnum mönnum, vii. 195; láta vel ílla … yfir e-u, Ld. 168, Hkr. i. 213, ii. 32 (see láta B. I. 2); láta hljótt yfir e-n, Nj. 232; þegja yfir e-u, Ld. 36; fögnuðr yfir e-u, joy over a thing, MS. 623. 23; aumhjartaðr yfir úförum hvers manns, Sks. 687; lýsa yfir e-u, to declare, Eb. 20, 250, Nj. 93, Ld. 164, 306, Fs. 13, 24, Eg. 141 new Ed., Gísl. 16, Ó. H. 101, 179, Bs. i. 95, 203, 268, 624, Fms. ii. 25, xi. 6, 25: hlyða e-m yfir, see hlýða.

III. ellipt. or adverb, usages; eldr, ok katlar yfir, Eg. 238; ætlar hann at görask konungr yfir norðr þar, 71; yfir á Espihóli, Sturl. iii. 261.

B. WITH ACC. over, above, denoting motion; limar hans dreifask yfir heim allan, Edda 10; drógu þeir netið yfir hann, … hlaupa yfir netið … hleypr hann yfir þinulinn, 40; þeir bundu yfir sik flaka af viði, Fms. ix. 421; Skaði tók eitr-orm ok festi yfir hann, Edda 40; hann tók yfir sik skikkjuna, ‘took clothes over himself,’ put on the mantle, Nj. 170; binda boð yfir miðjar dyrr, Gþl. 434; leggja e-t yfir altari þín, 655 xxiii; lauf ok limar tóku út yfir skipit, Ó. H. 36; hann felldi hvern yfir annan, Hkr. i. 151; cp. hverr um annan (um C. V); er aldr fór yfir hann, Ó. H. 123; sló miklum ótta yfir hirðmennina, struck great terror into the king’s men, Fas. i. 68; skjóta skjóli yfir e-n, Ld. 40; setja menn yfir ríki sitt, Eg. 7; at konungr mundi annan höfðingja setja yfir Norðymbra-land, Fms. i. 24; lét hann taka Knút til konungs yfir ríki þat allt, 112; komask yfir e-t, to come by a thing, Bárð. 175; láta lítið yfir sik, Fms. vii. 29.

2. over, through, across; austr yfir Foldina, Fms. i. 52; hann gékk yfir mark þat, Eg. 490; fara yfir ás nokkurn, … klif bratt yfir at fara, 576; ríða yfir fljótið, Nj. 82; hverr reiddi yfir Markar-fljót, 142; yfir skóginn, Fms. v. 249; ríðu vestr yfir Lómagnúpssand, Nj. 255; yfir hafit, Fms. vi. 21; er hann kom suðr yfir Fjalir, iii. 36; sigla norðr yfir Foldina, viii. 132; síðan fóru þeir yfir Norðrá, Eg. 134; fara at veizlum yfir ríki sitt, Fms. i. 157; skógr er almannavegr liggr yfir, Fs. 4.

II. metaph. over, beyond; hafa vöxt yfir e-n, to have growth over or above another, be taller, Fas. ii. 234; hafa höfuð ok herðar yfir e-n; fram yfir aðra menn, beyond, above, i. 27; yfir þat fram, beyond that, above that, Vm. 19; fram yfir Páskaviku, Sturl. i. 121; fram yfir Jól, Boll. 344; yfir hálf-þrítugt, Fms. ix. 33.

III. of direction, with another prep.; yfir á Hól, Hrafn. 9; þeir fúru yfir a Katanes, Fms. ix. 424; þeir sigldu yfir undir Kaupmannaeyjar, 421; upp yfir; fram yfir Grjótteigsá, Hrafn. 6.

IV. ellipt. and adverb, usages; sá kvittr kom yfir, passed over, Eg. 164; lesa yfir, to read, Dipl. iii. 10, Fms. x. 1; kveld kemr yfir, draws on, Finnb. 230; skýflóki gengr yfir, Bárð. 169; um nóttina þann tíma er hringdi yfir, Fms. x. 29; at hann myndi fljótara yfir bera ef hann riði, Hrafn. 7; hestrinn bar hann skjótt yfir ok víða, id.; undir at leiða eðr yfir at keyra, Gþl. 412; göra brú yfir, 411.

2. with verbs; bera, gnæfa, taka yfir, to surpass, passim; vofa yfir, to impend; búa yfir e-u, see búa; hylma ylir, to conceal; bætr yfir, to mend; verpa yfir, to calculate; drepa yfir e-t, to hush down; fara yfir, to pass over; líta, sjá yfir, to oversee, superintend; líða yfir, to pass over, also to faint; stíga yfir, to overcome; staupla yfir, sjást yfir, to overlook, neglect, etc., see the verbs.

3. var hann kátr yfir fram, exceedingly, Sturl. iii. 267; bjargit skútti yfir fram, Fms. vii. 81; sjá yfir upp, Edda 30.

1) (to place, set or put (down), often carefully: She laid the clothes in a drawer / on a chair; He laid down his pencil; She laid her report before the committee.) leggja (frá sér/niður/fyrir e-n)

2) (to place in a lying position: She laid the baby on his back.) leggja

3) (to put in order or arrange: She went to lay the table for dinner; to lay one's plans / a trap.) leggja á (borð/ráðin)

4) (to flatten: The animal laid back its ears; The wind laid the corn flat.) leggja aftur/saman

5) (to cause to disappear or become quiet: to lay a ghost / doubts.) kveða niður

6) ((of a bird) to produce (eggs): The hen laid four eggs; My hens are laying well.) verpa

7) (to bet: I'll lay five pounds that you don't succeed.) leggja undir, veðja

•

- layer

- layabout

1) (not a member of the clergy: lay preachers.) óbreyttur, leikmaður

2) (not an expert or a professional (in a particular subject): Doctors tend to use words that lay people don't understand.) ólærður, leikmaður

•

- layman

* * *

(kýs; kaus, køri and keyri; kusum and kurum; kosinn, kørinn), v.

1) to choose, select (valkyrjur ríða jafnan at kjósa val);

2) to desire, wish (þá kýs ek laust kaup várt);

kjósa heldr, to choose rather, prefer;

3) to elect (kjósa biskup);

4) with preps.:

kjósa e-n af fleirum, to select, choose from a number;

kjósa af, to choose (kuru þeir þá af at ganga til handa konungi);

margir kjósa ekki orð á sik, many are not so well spoken of as they may wish to be;

kjósa e-n til e-s, to select one for a thing (kjósa e-n til fylgdar við sik, til biskups);

kjósa um e-t, to choose between (kjós þúnú um tvá kosti).

* * *

pres. kýss; pret. kauss, 2nd pers. kauss þu, Gs. 8; pl. kusu; subj. kysi; part. kosinn: but also as frjósa (q. v.), pret. kjöri (köri, keyri), pl. kuru, kjöru, Fms. vi. 420, subj. kyri or keyri, part. kjörinn, keyrinn: with neg. suff. kjós-at-tu, imperat. (choose not), Hkv. Hjörv. 3: the forms kaus, kusu, kysi, kosinn are very rare in old writers, see the following references, whereas in mod. usage the forms in r are all obsolete: [Ulf. kiûsan = δοκιμάζειν, 2 Cor. viii. 8, Gal. vi. 4; A. S. ceôsan; Engl. choose; O. H. G. kiusan; Germ. kiesen, cp. kjör; Dan. kaare; Swed. kåra]:—to choose, elect, with acc. or absol.,

α. þeim mönnum er hann kjöri til með sér, Bs. i. 84; þær líf kuru, Vsp. 20; kurum land þaðra, Am. 97; segja honum hvat þeir kuru af, Fms. xi. 67; kuru þeir þat af at ganga til handa konungi, Hkr. ii. 41; keyri hann þann af er betr gegndi, Fms. i. 202, Bs. i. 37; Sigurðr konungr kjöri (kaus, Mork.) heldr leikinn, Fms. vii. 96; þeir kjöru at færa heldr fé til strandar, Fb. ii. 25; minni slægja en þeir ætluðu er keyru Þorvald til eptirmáls, Glúm. 383; skipta í helminga landi, en Magnús konungr kyri (keyri), Fms. viii. 152; eðr þrjú skip önnur þau sem hann keyri ór herinum, x. 84; þat kuru allir Birkibeinar, viii. 186; en þeir kjöru frið við Odd, Fas. ii. 190; hann spyrr hvern ek kjöra (subj.) af þeim sem komnir vóru, i. 191; þat kjöra ek (subj., I would choose) at verða konungr, ii. 233; ok nú höfu vér kjörit sem Guð kenndi oss, Fms. vii. 89; nú hafi þér þat kjörit (kosit, Fms. viii. l. c.) er mér er skapfelldra, Fb. ii. 611; at þeir höfðu keyrit í hans stað abóta, Fms. ix. 338; ok var keyrinn (kosinn, v. 1.) í hans stað sira Þórir, 412, x. 50, 98; hér hefir þú keyrit mann til, Ld. 258 C; en þeir kuru hundinn, þvíat þeir þóttusk þá heldr sjálfráði mundu vera, Hkr. i. 136; kuru heldr ( chose rather) at drepa hina, Róm. 295; kjöri hann heldr at halda görð jarls en þeir væri úsáttir, Fms. ii. 114; hann keyri heldr at leysa líf sitt, Nj. 114; allir keyru honum at fylgja, 280; þá er kjörit er handsalat er, Grág. i. 198; þetta er keyrit hyggiliga, Ld. 178; er hinn skyldr at hafa kjörit sumardag fyrsta, Grág. ii. 244: in the phrase, hafa kjörna kosti, to have the choice things; var þá dæmt, at Væringjar skyldu hafa kjörna kosti af öllu því er þeir höfðu þrætt um, Fms. vi. 137.

β. þann mann er kosinn er til veganda at lögum, Grág. ii. 41; skalt þú kjósa Kol til veganda at vígi Hjartar, Nj. 100; margir kjósa ekki orð á sik, people cannot help how they are spoken of, 142; kjósa sik í annan hrepp, Grág. i. 444; vildi Hallr bæði kjósa ok deila, Ld. 38, (see deila); þeir er ávíga urðu skyldi kjósa mann til, … at hafa annan veg kosit, … ok vildi hann þá heldr hafa annan til kosit, Glúm. 383, 384; hálfan val hón kyss, Gm. 8, 14; kjósa hlutvið, Vsp.; kjós þú (imperat.), Hm. 138; kjósa mæðr frá mögum, Fm. 12; ok kusu (kjöru, v. 1.) ina vildustu hesta, Karl. 328; hann kaus heldr brott verpa stundlegum metorðum, Mar.; þrjá kostgripi þá er hann kaus, (kjöri, v. 1.), Edda i. 394; hón bað hann kjósa hvárt heita skyldi Glúmr eða Höskuldr, Nj. 91.

II. reflex., recipr., skyldi annarr hanga en öðrum steypa í forsinn Sarp, ok bað þá kjósask at, draw lots, Hkr. iii. 302.

(gen. lagar, dat. legi), m.

1) sea, koma um lög, to come by sea; lopt ok lög, air and sea; lands eða lagar, á landi eða legi, on land or sea;

2) water, any liquid.

* * *

m., gen. lagar; dat. legi. pl. legir, Lil. 31; acc. lögu, Fb. i. 525 (in a verse); [A. S. lagu; cp. Engl. lake; O. H. G. lagu; Lat. locus]:—the sea; koma um lög, to come by sea, Vsp. 51: in the allit. phrase, lopt ok lög, air and sea, Sks. 47, Skm. 6; lands eða lagar, on land or sea; or á landi eða legi, Grág. ii. 171, Al. 107; hvergi kom ek þar lands né lagar, at …, Bs. i. 721, ii. 5, 122; lagar hjarta, ‘sea-heart,’ poët. for a stone, Ýt.; lagar stóð, the sea steeds = ships, Lex. Poët.; stíga land af legi, Hkv. Hjörv. 26.

2. a local name of large lakes, e. g. Lögr = the Melar in Sweden, Ó. H.; or of a great estuary, við á þá er Tanais heitir ok þann lög er þar fellr ór, Stj.

II. water, any liquid; tak lög af grasi, Pr. 471; síðan tók hann sér lög nökkurn, kastaði þar í öskunni, ok görði af graut, Fms. ii. 163; lýsi, hunang ok allskyns lögr annarr, K. Á. 206; í vatni vörmu eða köldu, en öngum legi öðrum eða vökva, H. E. i. 480; af þeim legi er lekit hafði ór hausi, Sdm. 13; verpa lauki í lög, 8; spræna rauðum legi, Ó. H. (in a verse); sár-lögr, benja-lögr = blood; hræ-lögr, hjör-lögr, id., Lex. Poët.: lögr Sónar, Boðnar = the poetical mead, Edda; hver-lögr Óðins, id., Ht.

III. the Rune ᛚ, (A. S. lagu.)

* * *

f. porch, = anddyri.

(gen. andar, pl. endr and andir), f. duck (fundu þeir þar andir margar; endr ok elptr).

(gen. andar, dat. önd and öndu; pl. andir), f.

1) breath; draga öndina, to draw breath; verpa, varpa öndu, to draw a sigh;

2) breath, life; týna öndu, to lose breath, die; fara öndu e-s, to put to death;

3) soul; fela guði önd sína á hendi, to give over one’s soul into God’s hands.

* * *

f., gen. andar, pl. endr and andir, and so in mod. usage; [A. S. ened; Dutch eend; O. H. G. anut; Germ. ente; Dan. and, pl. ænder; Lat. anas, anatis; Gr. νηττα]:—a duck, Edda (Gl.); flaug mikill fjöldi anda (gen. pl.) … eina öndina, Art. 38; endr ok elptr, Karl. 477; vali, álptir, gæss ok andir, Grág. ii. 346, passim; brim-önd, töpp-önd.

COMPDS: andaregg, andarfygli, andarsteggi.

f., gen. andar; spelt önn, Skm. l. c.; [and-, p. 19, col. 2]:— a porch = and-dyri, prop. the place opposite the door; skynda út at andar, Bjarn. (in a verse); síðan gékk hann eptir gólfi ok útar í öndina, ok lét fyrir lokuna, Lv. 60; ok er þau kóma fram um dyrr, gékk hón í öndina gegnt úti-dyrum ok kembir þar Oddi syni sínum, Eb. 92; vertú sem þistill þrunginn í önn (= önd) ofan verða, Skm. 31; see þröngva.

f., gen. andar, dat. öndu, and abbreviated önd; pl. andir; [önd and andi (p. 20) are twin words, for the origin see anda, to which add the Scot. aind or aynd]:—the breath; önd gaf Óðinn, Vsp.; en er barnit skaut upp öndu, Ó. H. 122; var þá niðri öndin ( no sign of breathing), síðan skaut hón upp öndinni, began to draw breath, Bs. i. 378; tók hann önd í kafi ( under water) svá at hann drakk eigi, 355; hann tók aldri til andar, ii. 225; draga öndina, to draw breath, ísl. ii. 413; Armóði var við andhlaupi ( choking), en er hann fékk öndunni frá ser hrundit, Eg. 553; varpa mædiliga öndinni, to draw a deep breath, Orkn. 140; öndunni, Nj. 272; kona varp öndu, to draw a deep sigh, Bkv. 2. 29; meðan í önd hixti, Am. 39; hann rann … skrefaði, meðan hann þolði önd einu sinni, in one breath, Rb. 482; hence the mod. phrase, þola önn (sic) fyrir e-t, to hold one’s breath for anxiety; nú þrýtr öndin, the breath is stopped, Fas. i. 204.

2. breath, life; öndin blaktir á skari, blaktir önd í brjósti, the breath (life) flutters in the breast; ef maðr hrapar svá grepti, at kviðr berr at önd sé í brjósti, K. Þ. K. 26; skal hann heldr eta kjöt en fara öndu sinni fyrir matleysi … svá skal hann eta, at hann ali önd sína við, 130; þá skal hann kjöt eta ok bjarga svá öndu sinni, N. G. L. i. 12; fugla, kvikenda ok hverrar lifandi andar, every living soul, Stj.; at eigi saurgisk andir yðrar, 317; andar gustr, a gush of breath, 17: týna öndu, to lose breath, die, Hkv. Hjörv. 37, Skv. 3. 58; fara öndu e-s, to put to death, Sdm. 25; krefi Guð hann andar sinnar, if God call him, Sks. 720, N. G. L. iii. 79; Guð krafði konung andar, Fms. xi. (in a verse); áðr Guð kveddi andar hans, D. N. iii. 165; þá menn er sjálfir spilla öndu sinni, to spill one’s breath, commit suicide, N. G. L. i. 13.

3. eccl. the soul; aldri hafði önd mín tvá líkami, Fms. iv. 121; önd þjófs á krossi, Pr. 67; þau fálu Guði önd sína á hendi, Nj. 201; mín önd miklar Dróttinn og minn andi gladdist í Guði heilsu-gjafara mínum, Luke i. 46 (Vídal.); andar-dauði, spiritual death, Greg. 42; andar-dauðr, spiritually dead, 6l; andar-heilsa, hreinson, kraptr, hefnd, siðr, synd, þorsti, soul’s health, cleansing, … thirst, Hom. 4, 45, 73, Greg. 5, Mar., MS. 623. 19, Stj. 29; andar-sýn, soul’s sight, a vision, Karl. 553, Bs. ii. 11; andar-gjöf, a spiritual gift, id.; andar-kraptr, 153; andar-sár, mental wounds, Bs. i.

COMPDS: andardráttr, andarvana.

prp (A)

1) (обыкн употр в сочетании с herum)вокруг (указывает на движение или расположение вокруг чего-л)

2)

3) в (указывает на точность времени)

4) (обыкн употр в сочетании с herum)около, примерно (указывает на приблизительность времени, ценности и т. п.)

5)

6) за (указывает на сменяемость или последовательность чего-л во времени)

7) на (указывает на количественное различие)

8) диал за, на (указывает на цену, компенсацию, вознаграждение)

9) за, о, об (указывает на лицо или предмет, в отношении которых совершается действие)

adv примерно, около

cj (для того, с тем), чтобы, с целью (употр с inf с zu)